Now That Iraq Has a Constitution
No commentsBy Barton Simmons
The current constitution of Iraq was approved by an October 15, 2005 ratification vote. The proposed constitution was drafted in 2005 by members of the Interim Iraqi Government to replace the Law of Administration for the State of Iraq for the Transitional Period, which had been put in force by the Coalition Provisional Authority after the Iraq War and occupation of Iraq by the United States and Coalition forces.
The drafting and adoption of the new constitution was not without controversy, however, as sectarian tensions in Iraq figured heavily in the process. The deadline for the conclusion of drafting was extended on four occasions because of the lack of consensus on religious language. In the end, only three of the 15 Sunni members of the drafting committee attended the signing ceremony, and none of them signed it. Sunni leaders were generally urging the electorate to reject the constitution in the 15 October referendum, but were overwhelmingly rejected by the voters.
The text of the proposed constitution was read to the National Assembly on Sunday, 28 August 2005. It describes the state as a “democratic, federal, representative republic” and a “multiethnic, multi-religious and multi-sect country”.
Excerpts From The Preamble
We the sons of Mesopotamia, the creators of the alphabet, and the cradle of arithmetic: went by the millions for the first time in our history to the ballot box, men and women, young and old, on January 30, 2005, remembering the pains of the despotic band’s sectarian oppression of the majority; inspired by the suffering of Iraq’s martyrs - Sunni and Shiite, Arab, Kurd and Turkomen so we can create a new Iraq of the future, without sectarianism, racial strife, regionalism, discrimination or isolation.
Some References To Monetary Concerns From The Body Of The Constitution
The Arabic language and Kurdish languages are the two official languages of Iraq. The use of both languages is officially endorsed in any setting enjoined by the principle of equality such as bank notes, passports and stamps.
The Central Bank of Iraq is a financially and administratively independent institution and is responsible before the Council of Representatives.
The federal government shall have exclusive authorities in the issuing of currency, formulating monetary policy, and establishing and administering a central bank.
Now, will the Iraqi Dinar rise?
This currency has already gained 25% the past half year. The more stable Iraq gets the more the dinar will rise in my opinion. This is only one of the many steps Iraq has to make but for exceptance by the world bank a big one.
Still keep in mind that investing in Iraqi Dinars should be on the most risky side of your investment portfolio.
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Try it and See if the FOREX is the Right Market for You
By Bruce Shaw
Being successful! Does that have anything to do with choosing a market to trade? I would maintain that it does. One of the “Secrets To Success” is to choose something that fits…You. After all, if one of your goals is to achieve a certain income level or net worth figure there are a multitude of ways that someone has been successful with, but probably only a few, that might be “right” for you. This applies just as much to the financial markets as it does elsewhere.
If you’re reading this article, probably one of your endeavors is or will be some type of activity in the financial markets. Now which of the markets are “right” for you, meaning the best fit for your circumstances and your goals? Addressing this question will be far more profitable then trading the first market you happen to come into contact with. I’ll help in this process by discussing some of the relevant features of the Forex or cash Foreign Exchange market.
One of the first Forex concepts to note is that the currency you are trading is a representation of a nation’s economy. Why is this important? Because it’s notable that national economies don’t perceptibly change in a day or even a month. Contrast this with individual stocks, commodities or futures that are easily affected by daily news or even weather events. Thus the price moves of the major currencies take place against a broader backdrop than the before mentioned markets. This is expressed in the tendency of currencies to show strongly trending behavior in contrast to staying in tight trading ranges. Many will realize that tight trading ranges are some of the most difficult trading conditions while the “trend is your friend” because it is easier to profitably trade by hitching a ride. Trending markets also lend themselves to rules based technical trading systems. Do you prefer to have your trading choices laid out in advance, or do you “shoot from the hip”?
Are you planning to trade as a business or significant avocation? Do you plan to be active on a full or part time basis? If part time, are you otherwise occupied during regular business or market hours? Did you know that Forex trades 24 hours a day, six days a week? This makes sense if you realize that the Forex markets are serving the needs of nations and traders in every time zone. To facilitate this, most trading is done with online trading platforms that are considered to make an Over The Counter (OTC) market. Do your plans call for flexible or outside of regular hours scheduling?
How much capital would you like to allocate to your chosen trading activity? Someone whose trading is part time and viewed as a hobby may have a different amount of trading capital available than someone whose plan is to structure their trading as a business activity. Regarding capital requirements, the Forex market can accommodate almost any trading plan. This is possible because there are two trading unit sizes available. The full size lot is 100,000 currency units and may be controlled by a 1% or 1,000 unit margin. There is also a “mini” size lot of 10,000 currency units that may be controlled by a .5% or 50 unit margin. Dollar based traders can put the dollar sign ahead of the above figures for illustration. To translate this to trading account requirements; a “mini” account can be started for as little as $300.00 US.
The above discussion of just a few facets of the Forex market is hoped to stimulate thoughtful consideration of the best trading situation for…You, and will continue as a series of articles to consider relevant features of the Forex markets.
To Be Continued…
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Understanding Public Employee Retirement Systems
By Barton Simmons
The Public Employee Retirement System is for government employees except for teachers and students. This is a mandatory membership and all members should fill out a form of application at the beginning of their employment. It is a benefit plan that gives benefits to employees once they retire. This will be based on the number of years they rendered service and on their average salary.
The Public Employees Retirement system also covers survivor and disability protection. The system also allows those with 30 years of service to file for an early retirement. They also provide death benefits and beneficiary benefits. Every Public Employee Retirement System of every state is committed to ensuring the retirement benefits of every employee.
Contributions are deducted from the employee’s payrolls. The amount may vary for every employee depending on their retire plan and coverage. Currently, the contribution rate is 8.5 percent of the salary of an employee and will increase up to 9.5% in the year 2007. Employer contributions however, range from 13 to 17%.
The benefits that you will get once you retire are dependent on your contribution and position as well as your employer’s contribution. The benefits are fixed depending on the legislation set by every state. That is why it is always recommended for members to know their benefits and coverage so that they can get the most of their contributions once they retire.
Although the Public Employee Retirement System is compulsory for all employees, there are still criteria that you have to meet to become a member. Here are the criteria that you need to meet to become a member for most states’ Public Employee Retirement Systems:
1. The applicant should be a regular employee and the annual salary of the applicant should be $1,500 or higher.
2. The applicant’s position should be under the coverage of the Social Security System.
Generally, these are some of the most common grounds for ineligibility:
1. If the person does not meet the minimum annual salary required which is $1,500.
2. If the applicant is not covered by the Social Security.
3. If you are a temporary employee
4. If you are currently employed by the Job Training Partnership Act and being paid by their federal funds.
5. Students who are employed by their schools and universities where they attend regular classes sometimes may not qualify for the PERS.
6. Inmates in correctional institutions are not eligible.
7. Mental health and retardation patients do not qualify for the Public Employee Retirement System.
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